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Oct 2010

Volume 36, Issue 10, pp. 839-1021

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Igor Orestovich Kulik (on his 75th birthday)

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 839 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3514380 (2 pages)

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Abstract Unavailable
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01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
74.78.Na Mesoscopic and nanoscale systems

Persistent currents, flux quantization, and magnetomotive forces in normal metals and superconductors (Review Article)

I. O. Kulik

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 841 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3514415 (8 pages) | Cited 1 time

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The notion of persistent current goes back to orbital currents in normal metals, semiconductors and even insulators displaying diamagnetic behavior in weak magnetic fields, but has come to focus on the discovery of current persistence and magnetic flux quantization in high fields in atomically large, but macroscopically small (mesoscopic) objects. This phenomenon has many similarities with supercurrents in superconducting metals. Here we review progress in our understanding of the physical and technological aspects of this phenomenon. Exact solutions for currents, magnetic moments and magnetomotive forces (torques) in crossed magnetic fields are presented. Time-dependent phenomena in crossed magnetic and electric fields, and the possibility of spontaneous persistent currents and the extraction of work from static and dynamic quantum states, are also discussed.
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73.23.Ra Persistent currents
74.25.F- Transport properties
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

Theory of oscillations in STM conductance caused by subsurface defects (Review Article)

Ye. S. Avotina, Yu. A. Kolesnichenko, and J. M. van Ruitenbeek

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 849 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3514417 (16 pages) | Cited 1 time

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In this review we discuss recent theoretical studies of single subsurface defects by means of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). These investigations are based on quantum interference effects between the electron partial waves that are directly transmitted through the contact and the partial waves scattered by a defect. In particular, we demonstrate the feasibility of imaging the position of a defect below a metal surface by means of STM. Different types of subsurface defects are discussed: point-like magnetic and nonmagnetic defects, magnetic clusters in a nonmagnetic host metal, and nonmagnetic defects in an s-wave superconductor. The effect of Fermi surface anisotropy is analyzed. Studies of the effect of high magnetic fields on the STM conductance of tunnel point contacts in the presence of a single defect are also discussed.
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07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
73.40.Gk Tunneling
74.55.+v Tunneling phenomena: single particle tunneling and STM
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling

Coherent quantum phenomena in mesoscopic metallic conductors (Review Article)

G. A. Gogadze

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 865 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3517056 (11 pages)

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Quantum coherent phenomena in mesoscopic cylindrical metallic conductors are examined. When pure doubly- and singly-connected normal samples are placed in a longitudinal magnetic field, interference phenomena occur which depend on the magnetic flux through the cross-section of the conductor. The period of the induced oscillations is given by the quantum of flux, hc/e, of the normal metal. Quantum states are formed in these structures by electron collisions with the dielectric boundary of the sample. The magnetic flux is included in the expression for the quasiparticle spectrum. The proximity effect and its influence on the spectrum of quantum coherent phenomena is investigated. The behavior of cylindrical samples consisting of a superconducting (S) metal with a deposited thin pure normal (N) metal layer is analyzed. In these structures, electrons are localized in a well bounded by a dielectric on one side and by a superconductor on the other. The resulting quantized Andreev levels have the feature that in a varying field H (or temperature T) each of the levels in the well can coincide periodically with the chemical potential of the metal. As a result, the state of the system has a strong degeneracy and the density of states exhibits resonance spikes as a function of the energy of the NS sample. This makes a significant contribution to the magnetic moment. A theory of the reentrant effect for NS structures has been developed for interpreting the anomalous behavior of the magnetic susceptibility of these structures as a function of magnetic field and temperature.
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72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

Macroscopic quantum phenomena in Josephson structures

A. Barone, F. Lombardi, G. Rotoli, and F. Tafuri

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 876 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3517171 (8 pages)

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The Josephson effect is a probe with unparalleled capabilities for the study of a variety of macroscopic quantum phenomena. This is a survey of important achievements and challenging trends, in particular macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy level quantization. We focus on high-TC superconducting structures and recent research on nanostructures.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.72.-h Cuprate superconductors
74.25.F- Transport properties

Superconductor-insulator transitions of quench-condensed films

A. M. Goldman

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 884 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3517172 (9 pages)

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The superconductor-insulator transitions of quench-condensed ultrathin films of metals are simple examples of continuous quantum phase transitions. Quantum phase transitions differ from thermal phase transitions in that they occur at zero temperature when the ground state of a system is changed in response to a variation of an external parameter of the Hamiltonian. In superconductor-insulator transitions, this control parameter is usually a parallel or perpendicular magnetic field, disorder, or charge density. Quantum phase transitions are studied through measurements, at nonzero temperature, of physical behavior influenced by the quantum fluctuations associated with the transition. Here we focus on the results of transport and magnetotransport measurements of disordered quench-condensed films of metals that are effectively two-dimensional. Open questions relating to the nature of the very puzzling insulating regime and whether there are several different types of superconductor-insulator transitions determined by material properties will be discussed.
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74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
74.40.Kb Quantum critical phenomena
74.25.fc Electric and thermal conductivity

Quantum behavior of a flux qubit coupled to a resonator

A. N. Omelyanchouk, S. N. Shevchenko, Ya. S. Greenberg, O. Astafiev, and E. Il’ichev

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 893 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3515520 (9 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A detailed theory for a system of a superconducting qubit coupled to a transmission line resonator is presented. We describe the system by solving analytically and numerically the master equation for the density matrix, which includes a dissipative Lindblad term. We calculate the transmission coefficient, which provides a way to probe the dressed states of a qubit. The theoretical results are related to experiments with intermediate coupling between a qubit and a resonator when the coupling energy is of the same order as the qubit relaxation rate.
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85.25.Cp Josephson devices
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations

Voltage-driven superconducting weak link as a refrigerator for cooling of nanomechanical vibrations

G. Sonne, M. E. Peña-Aza, R. I. Shekhter, L. Y. Gorelik, and M. Jonson

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 902 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3515521 (9 pages) | Cited 1 time

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We consider a new type of cooling mechanism for a suspended nanowire acting as a weak link between two superconductive electrodes. By applying a bias voltage over the system, we show that the system can be viewed as a refrigerator for the nanomechanical vibrations, where energy is continuously transferred from the vibrational degrees of freedom to the extended quasiparticle states in the leads through the periodic modulation of the inter-Andreev level separation. The necessary coupling between the electronic and mechanical degrees of freedom responsible for this energy-transfer can be achieved both with an external magnetic or electrical field, and is shown to lead to an effective cooling of the vibrating nanowire. Using realistic parameters for a suspended nanowire in the form of a metallic carbon nanotube we analyze the evolution of the density matrix and demonstrate the possibility of cooling the system down to a stationary vibron population of ∼ 0.1. Furthermore, it is shown that the stationary occupancy of the vibrational modes of the nanowire can be directly probed using the dc current responsible for carrying away the absorbed energy from the vibrating nanowire.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
88.05.Rt Energy use in appliances and electronic equipment
05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics

Why quantum engineering?

A. M. Zagoskin

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 911 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3515522 (4 pages)

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Progress in experimental techniques and theoretical modeling has made it possible to fabricate and test macroscopic structures which use quantum coherent solid state qubits as building blocks. The results of this quantum engineering are likely to go far beyond the limited goals of quantum computing and quantum communication and may provide a direct way to explore the quantum-classical boundary. Some recent developments are discussed.
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03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.67.Hk Quantum communication

Theory of quantum transport in Josephson junctions with a ferromagnetic insulator

Shiro Kawabata and Yasuhiro Asano

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 915 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3515524 (5 pages)

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We investigate Josephson transport through ferromagnetic insulators (FIs) taking the band structure of the FIs explicitly into account. Using a recursive Green function method, we find that a π-junction is formed in this type of system. Moreover, an atomic-scale 0–π oscillation is induced by increasing the thickness of an FI and its oscillation period is universal, exactly equal to a single atomic layer. Based on these results, we show that a stable π-state can be realized in junctions based on high-Tc superconductors with a La2BaCuO5 barrier. Such FI-based Josephson junctions may become an element in the architecture of future quantum computers.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
74.72.-h Cuprate superconductors

Self-resonant modes in Josephson junctions with a phase discontinuity

C. Nappi, M. Adamo, E. Sarnelli, and E. Goldobin

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 920 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3515525 (5 pages)

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We extend the theory of self-resonances in short Josephson junctions to the case of a piecewise constant critical current density and a κ discontinuity in the Josephson phase. We calculate the amplitude of the self-resonances as a function of applied magnetic field by using an extension of the approach introduced by Kulik for conventional Josephson junctions ( I. O. Kulik, JETP Lett. 2, 84 (1965) ). The theory given here agrees with existing experiments on superconducting–insulator–ferromagnet–superconductor 0–π Josephson junctions. The results are relevant to the characterization of all modern 0–π junctions as well as 0–κ junctions with artificially created phase discontinuities: high-temperature grain boundary junctions, junctions with a ferromagnetic barrier, and junctions with current injectors.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.25.Sv Critical currents

Nonadiabatic Josephson dynamics in junctions with in-gap quasiparticles

J. Michelsen and V. S. Shumeiko

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 925 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3516470 (8 pages)

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Conventional models of Josephson junction dynamics rely on the absence of low-energy quasiparticle states owing to a large superconducting gap. With this assumption the quasiparticle degrees of freedom are ⟪frozen out⟫ and the phase difference becomes the only free variable, acting as a fictitious particle in a temporally localized Josephson potential related to the adiabatic and nondissipative supercurrent across the junction. In this article we develop a general framework to incorporate the effects of low-energy quasiparticles interacting nonadiabatically with the phase degree of freedom. These quasiparticle states typically exist in constriction type junctions with high transparency channels or resonant states, as well as in junctions of unconventional superconductors. Recent experiments have also revealed the existence of spurious low-energy in-gap states in tunnel junctions of conventional superconductors—a system for which the adiabatic assumption is typically assumed to be valid. We show that a resonant interaction with these low-energy states, rather than the Josephson potential, determines the nonlinear Josephson dynamics at small amplitudes.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.20.Pq Electronic structure calculations

Weak localization, Aharonov-Bohm oscillations, and decoherence in arrays of quantum dots

D. S. Golubev, A. G. Semenov, and A. D. Zaikin

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 933 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518036 (18 pages)

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Combining scattering matrix theory with the non-linear σ-model and the Keldysh technique, we develop a unified theoretical approach for non-perturbative study of the effect of electron-electron interactions on weak localization and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in arbitrary arrays of quantum dots. Our model embraces weakly disordered conductors, strongly disordered conductors, and metallic quantum dots. In all these cases, as T→0 the electron decoherence time saturates to a finite value determined by a universal formula which agrees quantitatively with a number of experiments. Our analysis provides overwhelming evidence in favor of electron-electron interactions as a universal mechanism for zero temperature electron decoherence in disordered conductors.
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73.21.La Quantum dots
73.20.Fz Weak or Anderson localization
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems

Incoherent microwave-induced resistive states of small Josephson junctions

Y. Koval, M. V. Fistul, and A. V. Ustinov

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 951 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518082 (8 pages)

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We report an experimental and theoretical study of low-voltage resistive states observed in small tunnel Josephson junctions subject to microwave radiation. The observed features result from Shapiro steps in the current–voltage characteristics and appear when both thermal fluctuations and high frequency dissipation are strong. Without microwave radiation, Josephson junctions have a phase diffusion supercurrent branch characterized by a finite small resistance and hysteretic switching to a higher voltage range under these conditions. When microwave radiation is applied, three different types of resistive states are observed in the current-voltage characteristics. First, a phase diffusion branch steadily evolves and its maximum voltage Vm increases with the microwave power. Another interesting observed feature is a zero-crossing resistive state characterized by a negative resistance. Finally, we find that the low-voltage resistive state can split into numerous hysteretic fine branches resembling incoherent Shapiro-like steps. The appearance of a particular resistive state depends on the interrelations among the Josephson energy EJ, the energy kBT of thermal fluctuations, and the microwave frequency ω. A theoretical analysis based on incoherent multi-photon absorption by a junction biased in the Josephson phase diffusion regime is in good agreement with the experimental observations.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
74.25.N- Response to electromagnetic fields
74.25.F- Transport properties

Chiral effects in normal and superconducting carbon nanotube-based nanostructures

A. V. Parafilo, I. V. Krive, E. N. Bogachek, U. Landman, R. I. Shekhter, and M. Jonson

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 959 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518334 (10 pages) | Cited 1 time

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The novel phenomenon of chiral tunneling in metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes is considered. It is induced by the interplay of electrostatic and pseudomagnetic effects in electron scattering in chiral nanotubes and is characterized by an oscillatory dependence of the electron transmission probability on the nanotube chiral angle and the strength of the scattering potential. The appearance of a special (Aharonov–Bohm-like) phase in chiral tunneling affects various phase-coherent phenomena in nanostructures. We examine chiral effects in: (i) persistent currents in circular nanotubes, (ii) Josephson currents in nanotube-based SNS junctions, and (iii) resonant electron tunneling through chiral nanotube-based quantum dots.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
73.40.Gk Tunneling
74.70.Wz Carbon-based superconductors

Josephson currents in point contacts between dirty two-band superconductors

Y. S. Yerin and A. N. Omelyanchouk

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 969 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518605 (5 pages)

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We develop a microscopic theory of the Josephson effect in point contacts between dirty two-band superconductors. A general expression for the Josephson current, which is valid for arbitrary temperatures, is obtained. This formula is used to calculate the current-phase relations and temperature dependence of the critical current in MgB2 superconductors. We also examine the effect of interband scattering on the contact characteristics of dirty superconductors. The correction to the Josephson current owing to interband scattering is found to depend on the phase shift in the bulk superconductors (i.e., the s- or s±-wave symmetry of the order parameters).
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.25.Sv Critical currents
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
74.25.F- Transport properties

Weak dissipation does not result in the disappearance of the persistent current

V. L. Gurtovoi, A. I. Ilin, A. V. Nikulov, and V. A. Tulin

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 974 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3518606 (8 pages)

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Recent experiments confirm a prediction made by I.O. Kulik forty years ago to the effect that energy dissipation does not suppress the equilibrium circular current observed in the normal state of superconducting rings and normal metal rings. Conflicting interpretations of the persistent current as a Brownian motion or a dissipationless current are compared from the standpoint of observations of this phenomenon when an electric potential difference is present. Distinctions between quantum phenomena at the atomic and mesoscopic levels are emphasized. It is pointed out that quantum oscillations in the magnetic field of the potential difference observed in asymmetric rings with a persistent current can be verified experimentally under thermodynamic equilibrium.
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74.40.-n Fluctuation phenomena
74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties

Persistent currents in ballistic normal-metal rings

M. Moskalets

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 982 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521568 (8 pages)

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Recent experiments have revived interest in persistent currents in mesoscopic normal-metal rings. We show that in ballistic rings in high magnetic fields, Zeeman splitting leads to periodic current quenching with a period much longer than the period of the persistent current. Simple arguments show that this effect might apply to diffusive rings as well. This paper also discusses fluctuations in the persistent current owing to thermal excitation of high energy levels. If observed, these fluctuations might reveal a coherent state of the electron system at high temperatures when the persistent current is exponentially suppressed.
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73.23.Ra Persistent currents
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect

Observation of an anisotropic effect of antiferromagnetic ordering on the superconducting gap in ErNi2B2C

N. L. Bobrov, V. N. Chernobay, Yu. G. Naidyuk, L. V. Tyutrina, I. K. Yanson, D. G. Naugle, and K. D. D. Rathnayaka

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 990 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521569 (14 pages)

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The point-contact spectra of the Andreev reflection dV/dI curves of the superconducting rare-earth nickel borocarbide ErNi2B2C (Tc ≈ 11 K) have been analyzed in the “one-gap” and “two-gap” approximations using the generalized Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk model and the Beloborod’ko model allowing for the pair-breaking effect of magnetic impurities. Experimental and calculated curves have been compared not only in shape, but in magnitude as well, which provides more reliable data for determining the temperature dependence of the energy gap (or superconducting order parameter) Δ(T). The anisotropic effect of antiferromagnetic ordering at TN ≈ 6 K on the superconducting gap/order parameter has been determined: as the temperature is lowered, Δ decreases by ∼ 25% in the c-direction and only by ∼ 4% in the ab-plane. It is found that the pair-breaking parameter increases in the vicinity of the magnetic transitions, the increase being more pronounced in the c-direction. The efficiency of the models was tested for providing Δ(T) data for ErNi2B2C from Andreev reflection spectra.
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74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases, borocarbides, etc.)

Superconducting properties of a two-dimensional doped semiconductor

V. M. Loktev and V. Turkowski

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 1004 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521570 (4 pages)

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This is a study of the superconducting properties of a two-dimensional model with an additional (insulating) gap Δins that depends on temperature and doping. In particular, we study the doping dependence of the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless critical temperature Tc and the superconducting pseudogap temperature TcMF for different values of Δins by taking hydrodynamic fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter into account. We show that the gap Δins affects the values of the superconducting gap and the temperatures Tc and TcMF within the range of carrier densities where the Δins approaches zero. In particular, the derivatives of these quantities have a jump in this region. We discuss the possible relevance of these results to high-temperature superconductors.
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74.40.-n Fluctuation phenomena
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
74.20.Pq Electronic structure calculations
74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
74.25.F- Transport properties

Phase diagram of a current-carrying superconducting film in the absence of a magnetic field

E. V. Bezuglyi and I. V. Zolochevskii

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 1008 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521572 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

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A phase diagram of the current states of superconducting films is produced on the basis of an experimental study of the resistive transitions induced by the transport current. It is found that a comparatively narrow film of width w<5λ⊥ (λ⊥ is the penetration depth of the magnetic field) never enters a vortex state, but undergoes a direct transition from the purely superconducting state into a resistive state with phase-slip centers as soon as the current exceeds the critical Ginzburg-Landau current IcGL. The Meissner current state of films with intermediate widths 5λ⊥(T)<w<10λ⊥(T) transforms, when I>0.8IcGL, into a vortex resistive state which exists at currents 0.8IcGL<I<Im, where the upper critical current is in good agreement with the theory. The vortex state of wide films with w>10λ⊥(T) exists for currents IcAL<U<Im, where IcAL is the current at the transition into the vortex state calculated for the limiting case w⪢λ⊥. When I>Im, films with widths w>5λ⊥(T) enter a vortex-free resistive state with phase-slip lines.
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74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
74.25.Sv Critical currents

Exact analytical solution of a classical Josephson tunnel junction problem

S. V. Kuplevakhsky and A. M. Glukhov

Low Temp. Phys. 36, 1012 (2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3521573 (10 pages) | Cited 1 time

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We give an exact and complete analytical solution of the classical problem of a Josephson tunnel junction of arbitrary length W ∊ (0,∞) in the presence of external magnetic fields and transport currents. Contrary to a wide-spread belief, the exact analytical solution unambiguously proves that there is no qualitative difference between so-called “small” (W⪡1) and “large” junctions (W⪢1). Another unexpected physical implication of the exact analytical solution is the existence (in the current-carrying state) of unquantized Josephson vortices carrying fractional flux and located near one of the edges of the junction. We also refine the mathematical definition of critical transport current.
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74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
74.81.Fa Josephson junction arrays and wire networks
74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex glasses)
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